Advancements in Semiconductive Biosensors for Human Immunity Detection: Transforming Early Disease Diagnosis Strategies

Abstract

(1) Background: Early disease diagnosis is essential for improving patient outcomes and enabling timely therapeutic interventions. Recent advances in semiconductive biosensors have significantly enhanced human immunity detection through the sensitive and selective identification of immune-related biomarkers. Owing to their excellent electrical properties, biocompatibility, and miniaturization potential, these biosensors are emerging as promising tools for next-generation healthcare diagnostics.

(2) Methods: This review critically examines recent developments in semiconductive biosensors for immunity detection by evaluating their fundamental transduction mechanisms, biological and synthetic recognition elements, semiconductor materials, nanotechnology-assisted fabrication approaches, and wearable and point-of-care implementations. Relevant literature from recent years was systematically assessed to identify technological trends, applications, and existing challenges.

(3) Results: The literature demonstrates that semiconductive biosensors exhibit remarkable analytical performance, including low detection limits, high sensitivity, rapid response, and multiplexed detection capabilities. Their successful application in the detection of biomarkers associated with infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, and cancer highlights their potential for real-time disease monitoring and personalized medicine. Furthermore, the integration of nanomaterials, lab-on-a-chip systems, wireless connectivity, and advanced signal processing has substantially improved biosensor functionality.

(4) Conclusions: Semiconductive biosensors have the potential to transform early disease diagnosis and immunity monitoring. Nevertheless, challenges related to clinical validation, long-term stability, standardization, and commercialization must be addressed to facilitate their widespread adoption in modern healthcare systems.