Bimetallic Nanoparticles for Heavy Metal Remediation: Recent Advances in Synthesis, Mechanistic Insights, and Environmental Applications

Abstract

Bimetallic nanoparticles (BNPs) have attracted considerable attention as effective materials for re-moving heavy metals from contaminated water because of their enhanced catalytic, adsorptive, and reductive capabilities. This review presents a comprehensive evaluation of recent progress in BNP synthesis, removal mechanisms, environmental applications, and current limitations in heavy metal remediation. The cooperative interactions between two metallic components within BNPs generate synergistic effects that often lead to superior performance compared with monometallic nanoparticles. Recent literature highlights important developments in synthesis strategies, persistent challenges related to scalability, and promising directions for future research.